A nucleus made of Z protons and N neutrons. More...

Detailed Description

A nucleus made of Z protons and N neutrons.

To access any nuclear property, a tknucleus needs to be created. it can be created using its symbol, or its proton and mass number:

{cpp} tknucleus nuc("235U"); tknucleus nuc2(92,235);

A nucleus can also be create only using it's element name or charge number. In such case, the most stable isotope will be returned, and the most abundant in case of multiple stable nuclei:

shell tknucleus nuc("U"); tknucleus nuc2(92);

The main properties of a nucleus can be printed with:

```shell tknucleus nuc1("12C"); nuc1.print() [ INFO ] 12C (Z=6, N=6) properties: [ INFO ] Ground state configuration: 0+ [ INFO ] Stable nucleus, abundance: 98.93 %

tknucleus nuc2("U"); nuc2.print() [ INFO ] 238U (Z=92, N=146) properties: [ INFO ] Ground state configuration: 0+ [ INFO ] Radioactive nucleus: [ INFO ] lifetime = 4e+09 (6e+06) y [ INFO ] Decay: [A;100][SF;5.4e-05] ```

For each element, the following properties can be available:

charge
symbol
elemen_name
group block
standard state
atomic mass (u)
electronic configuration
atomic radius (van der Waals) (pm)
ionization energy (eV)
melting point (K)
boiling point (K)
density (g/cm³)
year discovered
list of X-rays (keV)

Then, for each isotope, the following properties can be available from the databases (see (see the data sources section)):

abundance (%)
decay mode (returned as a string)
charge radius (fm)
electric quadrupole (barn)
magnetic dipole (μN)
mass excess (keV)
lifetime
spin-parity
quadrupole deformation ß²
fission yields:
- thermal neutron-induced fission yields for 235-Uranium
- fast neutron-induced fission yields for 238-Uranium
- thermal neutron-induced fission yields for 239-Plutonium
- thermal neutron-induced fission yields for 241-Plutonium
- spontaneous fission yields for 252-Californium
cumulative fission yields:
- availaible for each independant fission yield cited above
year of discovery of the isotope

From the mass excess values, the following properties are calculated in TkN:

binding energy per nucleon (keV)
pairing gap (keV)
Q-values (keV):
- α
- ∆α: 0.5 x ( Qα(Z+2,N+2) - Qα(Z,N) )
- ß⁻
- double ß⁻
- ß⁺
- electron capture
- double electron capture
- ß⁻ delayed neutron emission
- ß⁻ delayed double neutron emission
- electron capture followed by proton emission
separation energies(keV):
- neutron separation energy
- two neutron separation energy
- proton separation energy
- two proton separation energy

to see the available properties for a given nucleus, use the tknucleus::list_properties() method:

shell tknucleus nuc("12C") nuc.list_properties() [ INFO ] nucleus properties: [ INFO ] Qalpha -7366.587870 keV [FLOAT] [ INFO ] QbetaMinus -17338.068000 keV [FLOAT] [ INFO ] QbetaMinusOneNeutronEmission -32436.962060 keV [FLOAT] [ INFO ] QbetaMinusTwoNeutronEmission -54942.663120 keV [FLOAT] [ INFO ] QdeltaAlpha 102.334915 keV [FLOAT] [ INFO ] QdoubleBetaMinus -32013.335000 keV [FLOAT] [ INFO ] QdoubleElectronCapture -25077.761000 keV [FLOAT] [ INFO ] QelectronCapture -13369.398000 keV [FLOAT] [ INFO ] QelectronCaptureOneProtonEmission -27466.140064 keV [FLOAT] [ INFO ] QpositronEmission -14391.395900 keV [FLOAT] [ INFO ] XRay_Kalpha1 0.277000 keV [FLOAT] [ INFO ] abundance 98.930000 % [FLOAT] [ INFO ] atomic_mass 12.011000 u [FLOAT] [ INFO ] atomic_radius_van_der_Waals 170.000000 pm [FLOAT] [ INFO ] binding_energy_ldm_fit_overA -210.980700 keV [FLOAT] [ INFO ] binding_energy_overA 7680.144562 keV [FLOAT] [ INFO ] boiling_point 4098.000000 K [FLOAT] [ INFO ] charge 6 [TEXT] [ INFO ] decay_modes [TEXT] [ INFO ] density 2.267000 [FLOAT] [ INFO ] electric_quadrupole 0.060000 barn [FLOAT] [ INFO ] electronic_configuration [He]2s2 2p2 [TEXT] [ INFO ] group_block Nonmetal [TEXT] [ INFO ] ionization_energy 11.260000 eV [FLOAT] [ INFO ] isotope_year_discovered 1919 [TEXT] [ INFO ] lifetime STABLE [FLOAT] [ INFO ] mass_excess 0.000000 keV [FLOAT] [ INFO ] melting_point 3823.000000 K [FLOAT] [ INFO ] name Carbon [TEXT] [ INFO ] neutronSeparationEnergy 18720.715060 keV [FLOAT] [ INFO ] pairingGap 6887.203165 keV [FLOAT] [ INFO ] protonSeparationEnergy 15956.679064 keV [FLOAT] [ INFO ] quadrupoleDeformation 0.576601 [FLOAT] [ INFO ] radius 2.470200 fm [FLOAT] [ INFO ] spin_parity 0+ [TEXT] [ INFO ] state Solid [TEXT] [ INFO ] symbol C [TEXT] [ INFO ] twoNeutronSeparationEnergy 31841.309120 keV [FLOAT] [ INFO ] twoProtonSeparationEnergy 27185.429128 keV [FLOAT] [ INFO ] year_discovered Ancient [TEXT]

The results can be filtered using a regular expression:

shell tknucleus nuc("12C") nuc.list_properties("Q*") [ INFO ] nucleus properties: [ INFO ] Qalpha -7366.587870 keV [FLOAT] [ INFO ] QbetaMinus -17338.068000 keV [FLOAT] [ INFO ] QbetaMinusOneNeutronEmission -32436.962060 keV [FLOAT] [ INFO ] QbetaMinusTwoNeutronEmission -54942.663120 keV [FLOAT] [ INFO ] QdeltaAlpha 102.334915 keV [FLOAT] [ INFO ] QdoubleBetaMinus -32013.335000 keV [FLOAT] [ INFO ] QdoubleElectronCapture -25077.761000 keV [FLOAT] [ INFO ] QelectronCapture -13369.398000 keV [FLOAT] [ INFO ] QelectronCaptureOneProtonEmission -27466.140064 keV [FLOAT] [ INFO ] QpositronEmission -14391.395900 keV [FLOAT]

To test if a property is available, use the use the tknucleus::has_property() method:

If the requested property is available and is a measured property (with a value and an associated error) get it using: tkproperty_list::get() cpp tknucleus nuc("12C"); if(nuc.has_property("abundance")) { auto value = nuc.get("abundance"); cout << nuc.get_symbol() << " abundance: " << value->get_value() << " +- " << value->get_error() << " " << value->get_unit() << endl; } shell 12C abundance: 98.93 +- 0.08 % The returned value is a tkn::tkmeasure, see the dedicated section
If the requested property is available and is refering to a string value (e.g. drounf state spin parity), get it using tknucleus::get_property() cpp tknucleus nuc("13C"); value = nuc.get_property("spin_parity"); cout << nuc.get_symbol() << " GS spin parity: " << value << endl; shell 13C GS spin parity: 1/2-

For a faster access to the most used properties, few specific methods have been added to tknucleus objects:

method name	description
get_a()	nucleon number
get_n()	neutron number
get_z()	proton number
get_symbol()	nucleus name (ex: 12C)
get_element_name()	element name (ex: Carbon)
get_element_symbol()	element symbol (ex: C)
is_z_magic()	is Z a magic number
is_n_magic()	is N a magic number
is_doubly_magic()	is nucleus doubly magic
get_abundance()	abundance for stable nuclei (in %)
get_binding_energy_over_a()	binding energy per nucleon (MeV) (unit as parameter)
get_lifetime()	ground state lifetime in seconds (unit as parameter)
get_mass_excess()	mass excess (MeV) (unit as parameter)
get_jpi()	ground state spin and parity as a string
get_xrays()	vector of the known xray energies
get_decay_mode_str()	decay modes as a string
get_decay_modes()	decay modes as a vector of decay and branching ratio
get_ground_state()	access the ground state tkn::tklevel
get_level_scheme()	access the tkn::tklevel_scheme
get_fission_yield(tkstring _parent, bool _cumulative=false)	get the fission yield of for a given fissioning nucleus (cumulative or not)

The above methods giving access to a measure (ex: get_lifetime() ), are directly returning the value as a double. Dedicated methods allows to access the tkn::tkmeasure to access to units, uncertainties... etc (see Measures and units).

For exemple, for the lifetime, the method get_lifetime_measure() returns the tkmeasure object.

Definition at line 54 of file tknucleus.h.

Inheritance diagram for tknucleus:

#include <tknucleus.h>

Public Member Functions
	tknucleus ()
	default constructor

	tknucleus (const char *_symbol)
	tknucleus constructor taking a string as input

	tknucleus (int _Z)
	tknucleus constructor taking only Z as input

	tknucleus (int _Z, int _A)
	tknucleus constructor taking Z and A as input

virtual	~tknucleus () override=default

int	get_a ()
	return the mass number

double	get_abundance () const
	returns the natural abundance in percent

shared_ptr< tkmeasure >	get_abundance_measure ()
	return the abundance tkmeasure object

double	get_binding_energy_over_a (const tkunit_manager::units_keys _unit=tkunit_manager::units_keys::MeV)
	returns the binding energy per mass unit in MeV

shared_ptr< tkmeasure >	get_binding_energy_over_a_measure ()
	returns the binding energy tkmeasure object

tkstring	get_decay_mode_str ()
	return the decay modes as a string

vector< pair< tkstring, double > >	get_decay_modes ()
	return the decay modes as a vector of decay

int	get_discovery_year ()
	return the discovery year

double	get_electric_quadrupole ()
	return the electric quadrupole moment in barn by default

shared_ptr< tkmeasure >	get_electric_quadrupole_measure ()
	return the electric quadrupole moment tkmeasure object

const tkstring &	get_element_name ()
	return the name of the chimical element

const tkstring &	get_element_symbol ()
	return the symbol of the chimical element

double	get_fission_yield (tkstring _parent, bool _cumulative=false)
	returns the fission yield of the current nucleus

shared_ptr< tklevel >	get_ground_state ()
	return the ground state level (nullptr if no GS known)

const tkstring &	get_jpi () const
	return the ground state spin and parity as a string

shared_ptr< tklevel_scheme >	get_level_scheme ()
	return a tklevel_scheme shared pointer to the nucleus level scheme

double	get_lifetime (const tkunit_manager::units_keys _unit=tkunit_manager::units_keys::s)
	returns the lifetime in second

shared_ptr< tkmeasure >	get_lifetime_measure () const
	returns the lifetime tkmeasure object

tkstring	get_lifetime_str ()
	returns the lifetime in string (using the best adapted unit)

double	get_magnetic_dipole ()
	return the magnetic dipole moment in mun by default

shared_ptr< tkmeasure >	get_magnetic_dipole_measure ()
	return the magnetic dipole moment tkmeasure object

double	get_mass_excess (const tkunit_manager::units_keys _unit=tkunit_manager::units_keys::keV)
	return the mass excess in keV by default

shared_ptr< tkmeasure >	get_mass_excess_measure ()
	return the mass excess tkmeasure object

int	get_n ()
	return the neutron number

double	get_radius () const
	returns the radius in fm

shared_ptr< tkmeasure >	get_radius_measure ()
	return the radius tkmeasure object

const tkspin_parity &	get_spin_parity ()
	return the ground state spin and parity object

const tkstring &	get_symbol ()
	return the nucleus symbol

const vector< shared_ptr< tkmeasure > >	get_xrays ()
	returns the list of xrays

int	get_z ()
	return the proton number

bool	is_bound () const
	test if the nucleus is bound (positive binding energy)

bool	is_doubly_magic ()
	return true in case of z and n are magic numbers

bool	is_known () const
	test if the nucleus is known

bool	is_n_magic ()
	return true in case of n is a magic number

bool	is_stable () const
	test if the nucleus is stable

bool	is_z_magic ()
	return true in case of z is a magic number

void	print () const
	print the main nucleus properties

Public Member Functions inherited from tkproperty_list
	tkproperty_list (tkstring _name)

virtual	~tkproperty_list ()=default

shared_ptr< tkmeasure >	get (const tkstring &_property) const
	get the property as tkmeasure

vector< shared_ptr< tkmeasure > >	get_data_properties (const tkstring &_opt="*")
	get a vector of data properties according to a regular expression

const auto &	get_properties () const
	get the properties map

tkstring	get_property (const tkstring &_property) const
	get the property value as a string

tkstring	get_property_type (const tkstring &_property) const
	get the property type as a string

tkstring	get_property_unit (const tkstring &_property) const
	get the property unnit as a string

bool	has_property (const tkstring &_property) const
	to check if the property is available

void	list_data_properties (const tkstring &_opt="*") const
	list the available tkmeasure properties

void	list_properties (const tkstring &_opt="*") const
	list the available properties

Friends
class	tkmanager

Constructor & Destructor Documentation

◆ tknucleus() [1/4]

tknucleus ( )

inline

default constructor

Definition at line 76 of file tknucleus.h.

◆ tknucleus() [2/4]

tknucleus	(	int	_Z,
		int	_A )

tknucleus constructor taking Z and A as input

Parameters

_Z	proton number
_A	nucleon number

Definition at line 277 of file tknucleus.cpp.

◆ tknucleus() [3/4]

tknucleus ( int _Z )

tknucleus constructor taking only Z as input

Parameters

_Z	proton number

The most stable nucleus is returned and the most abundant if more than one stable

Definition at line 301 of file tknucleus.cpp.

◆ tknucleus() [4/4]

tknucleus ( const char * _symbol )

tknucleus constructor taking a string as input

Parameters

_symbol nucleus symbol (ex: "12C")

if only the element symbol is given, the most stable nucleus is returned (and the most abundant if more than one stable)

Definition at line 321 of file tknucleus.cpp.

◆ ~tknucleus()

virtual ~tknucleus ( )

overridevirtualdefault

Member Function Documentation

◆ get_a()

int get_a ( )

inline

return the mass number

Definition at line 92 of file tknucleus.h.

◆ get_abundance()

double get_abundance ( ) const

returns the natural abundance in percent

This method returns the natural abundance of the nucleus in percent. in case no abundance is known for this nucleus, a value of -1 is returned. It can be tested using tknucleus::has_property("abundance") prior to call this method or std::is_nan() on the returned value.

Definition at line 406 of file tknucleus.cpp.

◆ get_abundance_measure()

shared_ptr< tkmeasure > get_abundance_measure ( )

inline

return the abundance tkmeasure object

Definition at line 123 of file tknucleus.h.

◆ get_binding_energy_over_a()

double get_binding_energy_over_a ( const tkunit_manager::units_keys _unit = tkunit_manager::units_keys::MeV )

returns the binding energy per mass unit in MeV

Parameters

_unit unit of the returned result. MeV are used by default

This method returns the binding energy per mass unit of the nucleus in unit of _units. A std::nan(1) is returned in case no mass excess is known for this nucleus. It can be tested using tknucleus::has_property("binding_energy_overA") prior to call this method or std::is_nan() on the returned value.

Definition at line 436 of file tknucleus.cpp.

◆ get_binding_energy_over_a_measure()

shared_ptr< tkmeasure > get_binding_energy_over_a_measure ( )

inline

returns the binding energy tkmeasure object

Definition at line 133 of file tknucleus.h.

◆ get_decay_mode_str()

tkstring get_decay_mode_str ( )

inline

return the decay modes as a string

Definition at line 151 of file tknucleus.h.

◆ get_decay_modes()

vector< pair< tkstring, double > > get_decay_modes ( )

return the decay modes as a vector of decay

This method returns the different known decay modes as a vector of pair containing the decay as a string and the ratio as a double. A ratio value of -1 means that the value or decay is uncertain

Definition at line 532 of file tknucleus.cpp.

◆ get_discovery_year()

int get_discovery_year ( )

inline

return the discovery year

Definition at line 154 of file tknucleus.h.

◆ get_electric_quadrupole()

double get_electric_quadrupole ( )

return the electric quadrupole moment in barn by default

This method returns the electric quadrupole moment of the nucleus in barn. in case no abundance is known for this nucleus, a value of -1 is returned. It can be tested using tknucleus::has_property("electric_quadrupole") prior to call this method or std::is_nan() on the returned value.

Definition at line 393 of file tknucleus.cpp.

◆ get_electric_quadrupole_measure()

shared_ptr< tkmeasure > get_electric_quadrupole_measure ( )

inline

return the electric quadrupole moment tkmeasure object

Definition at line 118 of file tknucleus.h.

◆ get_element_name()

const tkstring & get_element_name ( )

inline

return the name of the chimical element

Definition at line 85 of file tknucleus.h.

◆ get_element_symbol()

const tkstring & get_element_symbol ( )

inline

return the symbol of the chimical element

Definition at line 83 of file tknucleus.h.

◆ get_fission_yield()

double get_fission_yield	(	tkstring	_parent,
		bool	_cumulative = false )

returns the fission yield of the current nucleus

Parameters

_parent	name of the fissioning nucleus
_cumulative	if true, returns the cumulative fission yield

This method returns fission yield of the current nucleus for a given fissioning nucleus _parent. returns 0 if no fission yield is existing. Available fissioning nucleus:

235U
238U
239Pu
241Pu
252Cf

Definition at line 478 of file tknucleus.cpp.

◆ get_ground_state()

shared_ptr< tklevel > get_ground_state ( )

return the ground state level (nullptr if no GS known)

Definition at line 514 of file tknucleus.cpp.

◆ get_jpi()

const tkstring & get_jpi ( ) const

inline

return the ground state spin and parity as a string

Definition at line 169 of file tknucleus.h.

◆ get_level_scheme()

shared_ptr< tklevel_scheme > get_level_scheme ( )

return a tklevel_scheme shared pointer to the nucleus level scheme

Definition at line 355 of file tknucleus.cpp.

◆ get_lifetime()

double get_lifetime ( const tkunit_manager::units_keys _unit = tkunit_manager::units_keys::s )

returns the lifetime in second

Parameters

_unit unit of the returned result. second is used by default

This method returns the groundstate lifetime of the nucleus in unit of _units. A std::nan(1) is returned in case no lifetime is known for this nucleus. It can be tested using tknucleus::has_property("lifetime") prior to call this method or std::is_nan() on the returned value.

Definition at line 453 of file tknucleus.cpp.

◆ get_lifetime_measure()

shared_ptr< tkmeasure > get_lifetime_measure ( ) const

inline

returns the lifetime tkmeasure object

Definition at line 138 of file tknucleus.h.

◆ get_lifetime_str()

tkstring get_lifetime_str ( )

returns the lifetime in string (using the best adapted unit)

This method returns the level lifetime as string using the best adapted unit

Definition at line 489 of file tknucleus.cpp.

◆ get_magnetic_dipole()

double get_magnetic_dipole ( )

return the magnetic dipole moment in mun by default

This method returns the magnetic dipole moment of the nucleus in mun. in case no abundance is known for this nucleus, a value of -1 is returned. It can be tested using tknucleus::has_property("magnetic_dipole") prior to call this method or std::is_nan() on the returned value.

Definition at line 380 of file tknucleus.cpp.

◆ get_magnetic_dipole_measure()

shared_ptr< tkmeasure > get_magnetic_dipole_measure ( )

inline

return the magnetic dipole moment tkmeasure object

Definition at line 113 of file tknucleus.h.

◆ get_mass_excess()

double get_mass_excess ( const tkunit_manager::units_keys _unit = tkunit_manager::units_keys::keV )

return the mass excess in keV by default

Parameters

_unit unit of the returned result. keV are used by default

This method returns the mass excess of the nucleus in unit of _units. A std::nan(1) is returned in case no mass excess is known for this nucleus. It can be tested using tknucleus::has_property("mass_excess") prior to call this method or std::is_nan() on the returned value.

Definition at line 419 of file tknucleus.cpp.

◆ get_mass_excess_measure()

shared_ptr< tkmeasure > get_mass_excess_measure ( )

inline

return the mass excess tkmeasure object

Definition at line 128 of file tknucleus.h.

◆ get_n()

int get_n ( )

inline

return the neutron number

Definition at line 90 of file tknucleus.h.

◆ get_radius()

double get_radius ( ) const

returns the radius in fm

This method returns the charge radius in fm. in case no radius is known for this nucleus, a value of -1 is returned. It can be tested using tknucleus::has_property("radius") prior to call this method or std::is_nan() on the returned value.

Definition at line 367 of file tknucleus.cpp.

◆ get_radius_measure()

shared_ptr< tkmeasure > get_radius_measure ( )

inline

return the radius tkmeasure object

Definition at line 108 of file tknucleus.h.

◆ get_spin_parity()

const tkspin_parity & get_spin_parity ( )

inline

return the ground state spin and parity object

Definition at line 167 of file tknucleus.h.

◆ get_symbol()

const tkstring & get_symbol ( )

inline

return the nucleus symbol

Definition at line 95 of file tknucleus.h.

◆ get_xrays()

const vector< shared_ptr< tkmeasure > > get_xrays ( )

inline

returns the list of xrays

Definition at line 172 of file tknucleus.h.

◆ get_z()

int get_z ( )

inline

return the proton number

Definition at line 88 of file tknucleus.h.

◆ is_bound()

bool is_bound ( ) const

test if the nucleus is bound (positive binding energy)

Definition at line 521 of file tknucleus.cpp.

◆ is_doubly_magic()

bool is_doubly_magic ( )

inline

return true in case of z and n are magic numbers

Definition at line 102 of file tknucleus.h.

◆ is_known()

bool is_known ( ) const

inline

test if the nucleus is known

Definition at line 160 of file tknucleus.h.

◆ is_n_magic()

bool is_n_magic ( )

return true in case of n is a magic number

Definition at line 350 of file tknucleus.cpp.

◆ is_stable()

bool is_stable ( ) const

inline

test if the nucleus is stable

Definition at line 162 of file tknucleus.h.

◆ is_z_magic()

bool is_z_magic ( )

return true in case of z is a magic number

Definition at line 345 of file tknucleus.cpp.

◆ print()

void print ( ) const

print the main nucleus properties

Definition at line 544 of file tknucleus.cpp.

Friends And Related Symbol Documentation

◆ tkmanager

friend class tkmanager

friend

Definition at line 56 of file tknucleus.h.

The documentation for this class was generated from the following files:

tkn.doxygen/src/physics/tknucleus.h
tkn.doxygen/src/physics/tknucleus.cpp

Detailed Description

Public Member Functions

Friends

Constructor & Destructor Documentation

◆ tknucleus() [1/4]

◆ tknucleus() [2/4]

◆ tknucleus() [3/4]

◆ tknucleus() [4/4]

◆ ~tknucleus()

Member Function Documentation

◆ get_a()

◆ get_abundance()

◆ get_abundance_measure()

◆ get_binding_energy_over_a()

◆ get_binding_energy_over_a_measure()

◆ get_decay_mode_str()

◆ get_decay_modes()

◆ get_discovery_year()

◆ get_electric_quadrupole()

◆ get_electric_quadrupole_measure()

◆ get_element_name()

◆ get_element_symbol()

◆ get_fission_yield()

◆ get_ground_state()

◆ get_jpi()

◆ get_level_scheme()

◆ get_lifetime()

◆ get_lifetime_measure()

◆ get_lifetime_str()

◆ get_magnetic_dipole()

◆ get_magnetic_dipole_measure()

◆ get_mass_excess()

◆ get_mass_excess_measure()

◆ get_n()

◆ get_radius()

◆ get_radius_measure()

◆ get_spin_parity()

◆ get_symbol()

◆ get_xrays()

◆ get_z()

◆ is_bound()

◆ is_doubly_magic()

◆ is_known()

◆ is_n_magic()

◆ is_stable()

◆ is_z_magic()

◆ print()

Friends And Related Symbol Documentation

◆ tkmanager